Cincinnati (pronounced /sɪnsɨˈnæti/) is a city in the U.S. state A U.S. state is any one of 50 federated states of the United States of America that share sovereignty with the federal government. Because of this shared sovereignty, an American is a citizen both of the federal entity and of his or her state of domicile. Four states use the official title of commonwealth rather than state. State citizenship is of Ohio The government of Ohio is composed of the executive branch, led by the Governor; the legislative branch, which comprises the Ohio General Assembly; and the judicial branch, which is led by the Supreme Court. Currently, Ohio occupies 18 seats in the United States House of Representatives. Ohio is known for its status as both a swing state and a and the county seat of Hamilton County Hamilton County is a county located in the southwest corner of the state of Ohio, United States. The county seat is Cincinnati, and as of 2000, the population was 845,303. This made it the third most populous county in Ohio .[citation needed] The county is named for the first Secretary of the Treasury, Alexander Hamilton.[5] The municipality is located north of the Ohio River The Ohio River is the largest tributary, by volume, of the Mississippi River. It is approximately 1,310 miles long and is located in the Eastern United States at the Ohio-Kentucky Kentucky is known as the "Bluegrass State", a nickname based on the fact that native bluegrass is present in many of the pastures throughout the state, based on the fertile soil. It made possible the breeding of high-quality livestock, especially thoroughbred racing horses. It is a land with diverse environments and abundant resources, border. The population within city limits was estimated to be 333,336 in 2008[1], making it the state's third largest city. According to a 2008 Census Bureau estimate, the Cincinnati Metropolitan Area had a population of 2,155,137 making it the largest MSA In the United States, a metropolitan area refers to a geographical region with a relatively high population density at its core and close economic ties throughout the area. Such regions are not legally incorporated as a city or town would be, nor are they legal administrative divisions like counties or states. As such the precise definition of any in Ohio, and the 24th most populous in the United States ^ b. English is the de facto language of American government and the sole language spoken at home by 80% of Americans age five and older. Spanish is the second most commonly spoken language.[6] Residents of Cincinnati are called Cincinnatians.[7]

Cincinnati is considered to have been the first American boomtown A boomtown is a community that experiences sudden and rapid population and economic growth. The growth is normally attributed to the nearby discovery of a precious resource such as gold, silver, or oil, although the term can also be applied to communities growing very rapidly for different reasons, such as a proximity to a major metropolitan area, in the heart of the country in the early nineteenth century to rival the larger coastal cities in size and wealth. As the first major inland city in the country, it is sometimes thought of as the first purely American city, lacking the heavy European influence that was present on the east coast. However, by the end of the nineteenth century, Cincinnati's growth had slowed considerably, and the city was surpassed in population by many other inland cities.

Cincinnati is home to major sports teams including the Cincinnati Reds - In 1994, a players' strike wiped out the last eight weeks of the season and all post-season. Cincinnati was in first place in the Central Division by a half game over Houston when play was stopped. No official titles were awarded in 1994 and the Cincinnati Bengals The Cincinnati Bengals are a professional football team based in Cincinnati, Ohio. They are currently members of the North Division of the American Football Conference in the National Football League (NFL). Their first two seasons, 1968 and 1969, were as an American Football League franchise. They joined the NFL as part of the 1970 AFL-NFL Merger,, as well as events like the Cincinnati Masters The Cincinnati Masters is an annual outdoor hardcourts tennis event held in the Cincinnati suburb of Mason, Ohio, USA. The event started on September 18, 1899 and is today the oldest tennis tournament in the United States played in its original city.1, the Ohio Valley Jazz Festival and the Thanksgiving Day race. The University of Cincinnati The University of Cincinnati is a coeducational public research university in Cincinnati, Ohio, part of the University System of Ohio. The 2007 rankings from The Center at Arizona State University place the University of Cincinnati as a "Public University Ranking in the Top 25 among Publics", tied for the 37th best public research traces its foundation to the Medical College of Ohio, which was founded in 1819.[8]

Cincinnati is also known for having one of the larger collections of nineteenth-century Italianate architecture The Italianate style of architecture was a distinct nineteenth-century phase in the history of Classical architecture. In the Italianate style, the models and architectural vocabulary of sixteenth-century Italian architecture, which had served as inspiration for both Palladianism and Neoclassicism, were synthesized with picturesque aesthetics. The in the U.S., primarily concentrated just north of Downtown in an area known as Over-the-Rhine Over-the-Rhine, sometimes shortened to OTR, is a neighborhood in Cincinnati, Ohio. It is believed to be the largest, most intact urban historic district in the United States. Over-the-Rhine was added to the National Register of Historic Places on May 17, 1983 with 943 contributing buildings. Besides being a historic district the neighborhood's. Over-the-Rhine is one of the largest historic districts listed on the National Register of Historic Places The National Register of Historic Places is the United States government's official list of districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects deemed worthy of preservation. Having a property on the National Register, or located within a National Register Historic District, could result in its eligibility for tax incentives derived from the.

Contents

History

This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be and removed. (November 2009)
Main article: History of Cincinnati "With one hand he returns the fasces Fasces symbolize summary power and jurisdiction, and/or "strength through unity". Fasces frequently occur as a charge in heraldry, and should not be confused with the related term, fess, which in French heraldry is called a fasce, symbol of power as appointed dictator of Rome. His other hand holds the plow, as he resumes the life of a citizen and farmer." — Statue of Cincinnatus in Sawyer Point.

Cincinnati was founded in 1788 by John Cleves Symmes and Colonel Robert Patterson.[9] Surveyor John Filson (also the author of The Adventures of Colonel Daniel Boone Daniel Boone [October 22 , 1734 – September 26, 1820] was an American pioneer and hunter whose frontier exploits made him one of the first folk heroes of the United States. Boone is most famous for his exploration and settlement of what is now the U.S. state of Kentucky, which was then beyond the western borders of the Thirteen Colonies. Despite) named it "Losantiville" from four terms, each of a different language, meaning "the city opposite the mouth of the Licking River." Ville is French for "city," anti is Greek for "opposite", os is Latin for "mouth", and "L" was all that was included of "Licking River".[citation needed]

In 1790, Arthur St. Clair Arthur St. Clair was an American soldier and politician. Born in Scotland, he served in the British Army during the French and Indian War before settling in Pennsylvania, where he held local office. During the American Revolutionary War, he rose to the rank of major general in the Continental Army, but lost his command after a controversial, the governor of the Northwest Territory The Territory Northwest of the River Ohio, more commonly known as the Northwest Territory, was an organized incorporated territory of the United States that existed from July 13, 1787, until March 1, 1803, when the southeastern portion of the territory was admitted to the Union as the state of Ohio, changed the name of the settlement to "Cincinnati" in honor of the Society of the Cincinnati, of which he was a member.[9] The society honored General George Washington George Washington served as the first constitutional President of the United States from 1789 to 1797, and as the commander of the Continental Army in the American Revolutionary War from 1775 to 1783. His role in the revolution and subsequent independence and formation of the United States was significant, and is seen by Americans as the ", who was considered a latter day Cincinnatus Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus was an ancient Roman aristocrat and political figure, serving as consul in 460 BC and Roman dictator in 458 BC and 439 BC, the Roman The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial holdings in Europe and around the Mediterranean. The term is used to describe the Roman state during and after the time of the first emperor, Augustus farmer who was called to serve Rome as dictator, an office which he immediately resigned after completing his task of defeating the Aequians. To this day, Cincinnati in particular, and Ohio in general, is home to a statistically significant number of descendants of Revolutionary War The American Revolutionary War or American War of Independence began as a war between the Kingdom of Great Britain and thirteen former British colonies in North America, and concluded in a global war between several European great powers soldiers who were granted lands in the state.[citation needed]

In 1802, Cincinnati was chartered as a village A village is a clustered human settlement or community, larger than a hamlet with the population ranging from a few hundred to a few thousands , Though often located in rural areas, the term urban village is also applied to certain urban neighbourhoods, such as the West Village in Manhattan, New York City and the Saifi Village in Beirut, Lebanon,. David Ziegler (1748–1811), a Revolutionary War veteran from Heidelberg Heidelberg is a city in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. As of 2008, over 145,000 people live within the city's 109 square kilometres area. Heidelberg is a unitary authority. The Rhein-Neckar-Kreis rural district surrounds and has its seat in the city, but the city is not a part of the district, Germany A region named Germania, inhabited by several Germanic peoples, has been known and documented before AD 100. Beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire, which lasted until 1806. During the 16th century, northern Germany became the centre of the Protestant Reformation. As a modern nation-state,, became the first mayor. Cincinnati was incorporated as a city in 1819. The introduction of steam navigation on the Ohio River The Ohio River is the largest tributary, by volume, of the Mississippi River. It is approximately 1,310 miles long and is located in the Eastern United States in 1811 and the completion of the Miami and Erie Canal helped the city grow to 115,000 citizens by 1850.[9]

Cincinnati in 1841 with the Miami and Erie Canal in the foreground.

Construction on the Miami and Erie Canal began on July 21, 1825, when it was called the Miami Canal, a reference to the Little Miami River, which was its origin, and water was diverted into the canal bed in 1827.[10] The canal began by connecting Cincinnati to nearby Middletown Middletown is an All-America City located in Butler and Warren counties in the southwestern part of the U.S. state of Ohio. Formerly in Lemon, Turtlecreek, and Franklin townships, Middletown was incorporated by the Ohio General Assembly on February 11, 1833, and became a city in 1886. The city was the home of AK Steel Holding Corporation , a major in 1827 and, by 1840, the canal had reached Toledo Toledo is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio within the Great Lakes Region and the county seat of Lucas County. Named after Toledo, Spain, it is located on the western end of Lake Erie, on the Michigan border. It is the principal city in the Toledo Metropolitan Statistical Area. In the 2000 census, the city proper had a population of 313,619, the, changing the Miami Canal to the Miami and Erie Canal and signifying the connection between the Little Miami River and Lake Erie.[citation needed]

During this period of rapid expansion, citizens Citizenship status, under social contract theory, carries with it both rights and responsibilities. "Active citizenship" is the philosophy that citizens should work towards the betterment of their community through economic participation, public , volunteer work, and other such efforts to improve life for all citizens. In this vein, of Cincinnati began referring to the city as the "Queen" city. The phrase was cemented in the poem "Catawba Wine" by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow Henry Wadsworth Longfellow was an American educator and poet whose works include "Paul Revere's Ride", The Song of Hiawatha, and "Evangeline". He was also the first American to translate Dante Alighieri's The Divine Comedy and was one of the five Fireside Poets, who wrote that the city was "the Queen of the West", giving the city its nickname.[citation needed]

Railroads were the next major form of transportation to come to Cincinnati. In 1836, the Little Miami Railroad was chartered.[11] Construction began soon after, to connect Cincinnati with the Mad River and Lake Erie Railroad, and thus the ports of the Sandusky Bay on Lake Erie.[10]

In regard to Law enforcement: the first Sheriff John Brown appointed September 2, 1788; an Ohio Act of January 1, 1802 provided for Cincinnati to have a Village Marshall {James Smith appointed}; a "Night Watch Watchmen were groups of men, usually authorised by a state, government, or society, to deter criminal activity and provide law enforcement. Watchmen have existed in various guises throughout the world and were generally succeeded by the emergence of formally organised policing" was established March 29, 1803; in 1819 when Cincinnati was incorporated as a city the First City Marshal William Ruffin was appointed. In May 1828 a Police force consisted of 1 captain; 1 assistant and 5 patrolmen; On April 22, 1850 a position of Police Chief and 6 Lieutenants were established; in 1853 the First Police Chief Jacob Keifer was appointed/dismissed after 3 weeks.

On April 1, 1853, Cincinnati's Fire Department became a paid department, the first full-time paid fire department in the United States. It was the first in the world to use steam fire engines.[12]

Six years later, in 1859, Cincinnati laid out six streetcar lines, making it easier for people to get around the city.[11] By 1872, Cincinnatians could travel on the streetcar line within the city and then be transported by rail car to the hill communities. The Cincinnati Inclined Plane Company began transporting people to the top of Mount Auburn in that year.[10]

Cincinnati in 1862, a lithograph in Harper's Weekly Harper's Weekly was an American political magazine based in New York City. Published by Harper & Brothers from 1857 until 1916, it featured foreign and domestic news, fiction, essays on many subjects, and humor. During its most influential period it was the forum of the political cartoonist Thomas Nast.

The Cincinnati Red Stockings The Cincinnati Red Stockings of 1869 were baseball's first fully professional team, with ten salaried players. The Cincinnati Base Ball Club formed in 1866 and fielded competitive teams in the National Association of Base Ball Players 1867–1870, a time of a transition that ambitious Cincinnati, Ohio businessmen and English-born ballplayer Harry, whose name and heritage inspired today's Cincinnati Reds - In 1994, a players' strike wiped out the last eight weeks of the season and all post-season. Cincinnati was in first place in the Central Division by a half game over Houston when play was stopped. No official titles were awarded in 1994, began their career in the 1800s as well. In 1868, meetings were held at the law offices of Tilden, Sherman, and Moulton to make Cincinnati’s baseball team a professional one; it became the first regular professional team in the country, being organized formally in 1869. In its first year, the team won 57 games and tied one, giving it the best winning record of any professional baseball team in history.[11]

During the American Civil War Union blockade – Eastern – Western – Lower Seaboard – Trans-Mississippi – Pacific Coast, Cincinnati played a key role as a major source of supplies and troops for the Union Army. It also served as the headquarters for much of the war for the Department of the Ohio, which was charged with the defense of the region, as well as directing the army's offensives into Kentucky and Tennessee. Due to Cincinnati's proximity to and commerce with slave states In the United States of America prior to the American Civil War, a slave state was a U.S. state in which slavery of African Americans was legal, whereas a free state was one in which slavery was either prohibited or eliminated over time. Slavery was one of the causes of the American Civil War and was abolished by the Thirteenth Amendment of the across the Ohio River The Ohio River is the largest tributary, by volume, of the Mississippi River. It is approximately 1,310 miles long and is located in the Eastern United States, there was significant "Southern sympathy" in the Cincinnati area. This is evidenced by the history of the Copperhead The Copperheads were a vocal group of Democrats in the Northern United States (see also Union ) who opposed the American Civil War, wanting an immediate peace settlement with the Confederates. Republicans started calling anti-war Democrats "copperheads", likening them to the poisonous snake. The Peace Democrats accepted the label, but movement in Ohio.[13] In July 1863, Cincinnati was placed under martial law Martial law is the imposition of military rule by military authorities over designated regions on an emergency basis—usually only temporary—when the civilian government or civilian authorities fail to function effectively , when there are extensive riots and protests, or when the disobedience of the law becomes widespread. In most cases, due to the imminent danger posed by the Confederate Morgan's Raiders. They came close to Cincinnati but never actually attacked the city proper, although several outlying villages such as Cheviot and Montgomery were attacked. [1] [2] [3]

The Tyler Davidson Fountain was dedicated in 1871 to Cincinnati by Henry Probasco and is a symbol for the city and the region.

In 1879, Procter & Gamble Procter & Gamble Co. is a Fortune 500 American multinational corporation headquartered in Cincinnati, Ohio. that manufactures a wide range of consumer goods. As of 2008, P&G is the 8th largest corporation in the world by market capitalization and 14th largest US company by profit. In early 2010, P&G reached 4th largest corporation in, one of Cincinnati's major soap manufacturers, began marketing Ivory Soap The name "Ivory" refers to a series of products created by the Procter & Gamble Company , including varieties of a white and mildly fragranced bar soap, that became famous for its pure content and for floating in water. Over the years, the bar soap has been altered into other varieties. P&G research revealed in 1992 indicated. It was marketed as light enough to float. After a fire at the first factory, Procter & Gamble moved to a new factory on the Mill Creek and began soap production again. The area became known as Ivorydale.[14]

In 1884, one of the most severe riots in American history took place in Cincinnati. The incident that sparked the riots happened on Christmas Eve 1883 when two men, Joe Palmer and William Berner, robbed and murdered their employer, a stable owner named William Kirk, by hammering in his skull and strangling him to death. The duo dumped his body near Mill Creek before they were captured. One of the men, William Berner, was spared the gallows but this decision would nearly destroy the city.[citation needed]

Beginning on March 28, thousands of citizens stormed the county jail and burned the Hamilton County Courthouse seeking Berner. A small group of Hamilton County Deputies, led by Sheriff Morton Lytle Hawkins, fought to save the jail from a complete takeover. Eventually, after losing ground, and nearly losing high profile prisoner Joe Palmer along with the entire jail – they succeeded in protecting the inmates at cost of the lives of two deputies - including Captain John Desmond whose statue graces the Courthouse lobby today. In total, 45 Cincinnatians were killed and 125 injured.[citation needed]

Cincinnati weathered the Great Depression better than most American cities of its size, largely because of a resurgence of inexpensive river trade. The rejuvenation of downtown began in the 1920s and continued into the next decade with the construction of Union Terminal, the post office, and a large Bell Telephone building.[citation needed]

The flood of 1937 was one of the worst in the nation's history, resulting in the building of protective flood walls. After World War II, Cincinnati unveiled a master plan for urban renewal that resulted in modernization of the inner city. Like other older industrial cities, Cincinnati suffered from economic restructuring and loss of jobs following deindustrialization in the mid-century.[citation needed]

In the 1970s, the city completed Riverfront Stadium and Riverfront Coliseum, as the Cincinnati Reds - In 1994, a players' strike wiped out the last eight weeks of the season and all post-season. Cincinnati was in first place in the Central Division by a half game over Houston when play was stopped. No official titles were awarded in 1994 baseball team emerged as one of the dominant teams of the decade. In fact, the Big Red Machine of the 1970s is considered by many to be one of the best baseball teams ever to play the game. Three key players on the team (Johnny Bench, Tony Perez, and Joe Morgan), as well as manager Sparky Anderson, became Hall of Famers, while a fourth, Pete Rose, still holds the title for the most hits in baseball history.

In 1988, the 200th anniversary of the city's founding, much attention was focused on the city's Year 2000 plan, which involved further revitalization.[citation needed]

The completion of several major new development projects enhance the city as it enters the early years of the new millennium. Cincinnati's beloved Bengals and Reds teams both have new, state-of-the-art homes: Paul Brown Stadium, opened in 2000; and the Great American Ball Park, opened in 2003, respectively. Two new museums have opened: the Rosenthal Center for Contemporary Art in 2003, and the National Underground Railroad Freedom Center The National Underground Railroad Freedom Center is a museum in downtown Cincinnati, Ohio based on the history of the Underground Railroad. The Center also pays tribute to all efforts to "abolish human enslavement and secure freedom for all people." Billed as part of a new group of "museums of conscience," along with the Museum in 2004.[citation needed]

The City of Cincinnati and Hamilton County are currently planning the Banks--a 24-hour urban neighborhood of restaurants, clubs, offices, and homes with sweeping skyline views, along the city's riverfront. Cincinnati has received such accolades as "Most Liveable City" (1993), Partners for Livable Communities, April 2004; number five U.S. arts destination, American Style Magazine, Summer 2004; was the highest rated city in Ohio for "Best Cities For Young Professionals" and 18th overall, Forbes Magazine, June 2007;[15] and inclusion in the top ten "Cities that Rock," Esquire Magazine, April 2004.

Geography

Cincinnati is in the bluegrass region of Ohio The government of Ohio is composed of the executive branch, led by the Governor; the legislative branch, which comprises the Ohio General Assembly; and the judicial branch, which is led by the Supreme Court. Currently, Ohio occupies 18 seats in the United States House of Representatives. Ohio is known for its status as both a swing state and a.

Cincinnati's core metro area The Cincinnati-Northern Kentucky metropolitan area is a metropolitan area that includes counties in the U.S. states of Ohio, Kentucky and Indiana. The United States Census defines the metropolitan area as the Cincinnati-Middletown Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA). As of the 2000 census, the MSA had a population of 2,009,632 (though a July 1, 200 spans parts of Southern Ohio and Northern Kentucky. According to the United States Census Bureau The United States Census Bureau is the government agency that is responsible for the United States Census. It also gathers other national demographic and economic data. As part of the United States Department of Commerce, the Census Bureau serves as a leading source of data about America's people and economy, the city has a total area of 79.6 square miles The square mile is an imperial and US unit of measure for an area equal to the area of a square of one statute mile. It should not be confused with miles square, which refers to the number of miles on each side squared. For instance, 20 miles square (20 × 20 miles) is equal to 400 square miles (206.1 km² Square kilometre, symbol km2, is a decimal multiple of the SI unit of surface area, the square metre, one of the SI derived units. 1 km2 is equal to:), of which, 78.0 square miles (201.9 km²) of it is land and 1.6 square miles (4.1 km²) of it (2.01%) is water. The city spreads over a number of hills, bluffs, and low ridges overlooking the Ohio River The Ohio River is the largest tributary, by volume, of the Mississippi River. It is approximately 1,310 miles long and is located in the Eastern United States in the Bluegrass region of the country.[4] Cincinnati is geographically located within the Midwest and is on the far northern periphery of the Upland South. Two-thirds of the American population live within 600 miles of Cincinnati. [5] [6] [7]

Climate

Cincinnati is located within a climatic transition zone [8] [9] at the northern limit of the humid subtropical climate and the southern limit of the humid continental climate zone, with average temperatures by U.S. standards. [10] [11] Summers are hot, humid and wet. July is the warmest month, with an average high of 86°F (30°C) and an average low of 66°F (18.9°C). Winters are generally cool to cold, with occasional snowfall. January is the coldest month, with an average high of 37°F (2.8°C) and an average low of 21°F (-6.1°C). Precipitation is fairly evenly distributed each month, averaging 42.61 inches of rainfall and 22.5 inches of snowfall annually. The highest recorded temperature was 109 °F (43 °C) on July 21, 1934, and the lowest recorded temperature was -25°F (-32 °C) on January 18, 1977.[16]

Climate data for Cincinnati
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 77 (25) 76 (24) 88 (31) 90 (32) 95 (35) 102 (39) 109 (43) 103 (39) 102 (39) 91 (33) 81 (27) 75 (24) 109 (43)
Average high °F (°C) 37 (2.8) 43 (6.1) 54 (12.2) 65 (18.3) 74 (23.3) 82 (27.8) 86 (30) 85 (29.4) 78 (25.6) 67 (19.4) 54 (12.2) 43 (6.1) 63 (17.2)
Average low °F (°C) 21 (-6.1) 25 (-3.9) 34 (1.1) 42 (5.6) 53 (11.7) 62 (16.7) 66 (18.9) 65 (18.3) 57 (13.9) 45 (7.2) 36 (2.2) 26 (-3.3) 43 (6.1)
Record low °F (°C) -25 (-32) -17 (-27) -11 (-24) 15 (-9) 27 (-3) 39 (4) 47 (8) 43 (6) 31 (-1) 16 (-9) 0 (-18) -20 (-29) -25 (-32)
Rainfall inches (mm) 2.92 (74.2) 2.75 (69.9) 3.90 (99.1) 3.96 (100.6) 4.59 (116.6) 4.42 (112.3) 3.75 (95.3) 3.79 (96.3) 2.82 (71.6) 2.96 (75.2) 3.46 (87.9) 3.28 (83.3) 42.61 (1,082.3)
Snowfall inches (cm) 7.7 (19.6) 5.3 (13.5) 3.5 (8.9) 0.6 (1.5) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 (1) 1.3 (3.3) 3.6 (9.1) 22.5 (57.2)
Source: National Weather Service[16][17] March 2010

Cityscape

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Main article: Cityscape of Cincinnati Cincinnati Museum Center

Downtown Cincinnati is focused around Fountain Square, a popular public square and event location.[citation needed]

Cincinnati is home to numerous structures that are noteworthy due to their architectural characteristics or historic associations including the Carew Tower, the Scripps Center, the Ingalls Building, Cincinnati Museum Center at Union Terminal, and the Isaac M. Wise Temple.[citation needed]

The city is undergoing significant changes due to an influx of new development and private investment as well as the construction of the long stalled Banks project. Currently, there has been nearly $3.5 billion invested in urban core of Cincinnati (including Northern Kentucky), and it is anticipated that even more investment will take place.[citation needed]

Construction has begun on a new building that will dominate the Cincinnati skyline. Queen City Square is scheduled to be open in 2011. The building will be the tallest in Cincinnati and the third tallest in Ohio, reaching a height of 660 feet.[18]

In 2008 Cincinnati was ranked the 10th most walkable city in the United States, and the most walkable in Ohio.[19]

Government

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The city is governed by a nine-member city council, whose members are elected at large. Prior to 1924, city council was elected through a system of wards. The ward system lent itself to corruption and Cincinnati was run by the Republican political machine of "Boss" Cox from the 1880s through the 1920s with a few brief interludes. A reform movement arose in 1923, led by another Republican, Murray Seasongood. Seasongood eventually founded the Charter Committee, which used ballot initiatives in 1924 to eliminate the ward system and replace it with the current at-large system and also to introduce a city manager form of government. From 1924 to 1957, the council was selected by proportional representation. Beginning in 1957, all candidates ran in a single race and the top nine vote-getters were elected (the "9-X system"). The mayor was selected by the council. In 1977, Jerry Springer, later a controversial television talk show host, was chosen to serve one year as mayor.[20] Starting in 1987, the top vote-getter in the city council election automatically became mayor. Starting in 1999, the mayor was chosen in a separate election and the city manager received a lesser role in government; these reforms were referred to as the "strong mayor" reforms. Cincinnati politics include the participation of the Charter Party, the party with the third-longest history of winning in local elections. The current mayor of Cincinnati is Mark Mallory and the current City Manager is Milton Dohoney. The nine-member city council is composed of Vice-Mayor Roxanne Qualls and Councilmembers Y. Laketa Cole (President Pro-Tem), Jeff Berding, Chris Bortz, Leslie Ghiz, Chris Monzel, Laure Quinlivan, Cecil Thomas, and Charlie Winburn.[21]

Race relations

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Main article: Race relations of Cincinnati The National Underground Railroad Freedom Center has exhibits on the National Underground Railroad

Because of its location on the Ohio River, before the Civil War, Cincinnati was a border town between the states that allowed slavery, such as Kentucky, and those that did not, such as Ohio. Residents of Cincinnati and surrounding areas played a major role in abolitionism, but there were also opponents to this movement.

Social tensions, the press of new immigrants and competition over jobs sometimes erupted into violence. In 1829 a riot broke out as anti-abolitionists attacked blacks in the city. Some 1,200 blacks left the city as a result of rioting and resettled in Canada.[22] The riot was a national topic of discussion in black communities. Representatives at the first Negro Convention in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1830 discussed how to help the refugees.

As the anti-slavery movement grew, other riots occurred in 1836 and 1841.[22] In 1836 anti-abolitionists attacked a press run by James Birney, who published the anti-slavery weekly The Philanthropist. The mob grew to 700 and also attacked black neighborhoods.[23]

Tensions increased after passage in 1850 of the Fugitive Slave Act. Abolitionists maintained stations of the Underground Railroad in the area, as slaves frequently escaped across the river. Harriet Beecher Stowe lived here for a while and used the area as the setting for her novel Uncle Tom's Cabin. She had met escaped slaves and heard their stories. Levi Coffin made the Cincinnati area the center of his anti-slavery efforts in 1847.[24] Today, the National Underground Railroad Freedom Center commemorates the era at its center located at 50 East Freedom Way.

The 20th and 21st centuries had different issues in race relations, aggravated by late 20th century economic problems. In 2001 a series of racially charged riots occurred after the shooting death of a black man, Timothy Thomas, by police during a foot pursuit.

Crime

Main article: Crime in Cincinnati Crime increased after the 2001 riots, but has been decreasing ever since.

Before the riot of 2001, Cincinnati's overall crime rate was dropping dramatically and had reached its lowest point since 1992.[25] After the riot violent crime increased, and in 2005 Cincinnati was ranked as the 20th most dangerous city in America.[26] The police force "work slowdown" correlates with this increase. An article published in the Cincinnati Enquirer on May 30, 2007 affirmed that incidents of violent crime, including homicides, were 15.3 percent lower than they had been in the first four months of 2006. Children's Hospital saw a 78 percent decrease in gunshot wounds, and University Hospital had a 17 percent drop.[27] In 2009, the CQ Press ranked Cincinnati the 19th most dangerous city in the United States[28]

In May and June 2006, together with the Hamilton County Sheriff, the Cincinnati Police Department created a task force to crack down on crime. This consisted of an extra twenty deputies assigned to Over-the-Rhine and helped reduce the crime rate of downtown Cincinnati by 29%[citation needed]. This marks a dramatic decrease in crime but has not reduced the crime levels to pre-riot levels.

In the general elections on November 7, 2006, Hamilton County voters rejected a quarter-cent sales tax increase which would have been used to build a new jail system.

The city has attempted to reduce gun violence in Cincinnati by using the Out of the Crossfire program at University Hospital, which is a rehabilitation program for patients with gunshot wounds. The program attempts to prevent them from falling back into the cycle of violence which many gunshot victims return to after leaving the hospital.[29] Mayor Mark Mallory is a member of the Mayors Against Illegal Guns Coalition,[30] a bi-partisan group with a stated goal of "making the public safer by getting illegal guns off the streets." 2007 saw 68 homicides, nearly a 25% drop from 2006 in which there were 89. However, this is still not lower than 2000 count of 15 homicides.[31] As of May 2008, violent crime is down by almost 12% compared to the crime rate at that point last year. At year end 2008, 75 homicides were recorded, an increase from 68 the previous year.[32] As of December 12, 2009 there had been 60 homicides in the city of Cincinnati.[33]

Demographics

Historical populations
Census Pop. %±
1810 2,540 —
1820 9,642 279.6%
1830 24,831 157.5%
1840 46,338 86.6%
1850 115,435 149.1%
1860 161,044 39.5%
1870 216,239 34.3%
1880 255,139 18.0%
1890 296,908 16.4%
1900 325,902 9.8%
1910 363,591 11.6%
1920 401,247 10.4%
1930 451,160 12.4%
1940 455,610 1.0%
1950 503,998 10.6%
1960 502,550 −0.3%
1970 452,524 −10.0%
1980 385,457 −14.8%
1990 364,040 −5.6%
2000 331,285 −9.0%
Est. 2008 333,336 0.6%
Population 1810-1970.[34] Population 1980-2000.[35]

As of 2007, the city's population was 52.0% White (49.3% non-Hispanic-White alone), 46.5% Black or African American, 0.9% American Indian and Alaska Native, 2.0% Asian, 1.0% from some other race and 2.4% from two or more races. 1.7% of the total population were Hispanic or Latino (of any race).[36]

As of the census of 2000,[3] there were 331,285 people, 148,095 households, and 72,566 families residing in the city. The population density was 3,879.8.0 people per square mile (1,498.0/km²) with a housing density of 2,129.2/sq mi (822.1/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 52.97% White, 42.92% Black or African American, 0.21% Native American, 1.55% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 0.63% from other races, and 1.68% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.28% of the population. The top 5 largest ancestries include German (19.8%), Irish (10.4%), English (5.4%), Italian (3.3%).

There were 148,095 households out of which 25.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 26.6% were married couples living together, 18.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 51.0% were non-families. 42.8% of all households were made up of individuals and 11.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.15 and the average family size was 3.02.

The age distribution was 24.5% under the age of 18, 12.9% from 18 to 24, 31.6% from 25 to 44, 18.7% from 45 to 64, and 12.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females there were 89.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.6 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $29,493, and the median income for a family was $37,543. Males had a median income of $33,063 versus $26,946 for females. The per capita income for the city was $19,962. About 18.2% of families and 21.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 32.0% of those under age 18 and 14.8% of those age 65 or over.

For several decades the Census Bureau had been reporting a steady decline in the city's population. But according to the Census Bureau's 2006 estimates, the population was 332,252, representing an increase from 331,310 in 2005.[37] Despite the fact that this change was due to an official challenge by the city however, Mayor Mark Mallory has repeatedly argued that the city's population is actually at 378,259 after a drill-drown study was performed by an independent, non-profit group based in Washington, D.C.[38]

The Cincinnati-Middletown-Wilmington Metropolitan Statistical Area has a population of 2,155,137 people, making it the largest metropolitan area in Ohio and the 24th largest in the country. It includes the Ohio counties of Hamilton, Butler, Warren, Clermont, and Brown, as well as the Kentucky counties of Boone, Bracken, Campbell, Gallatin, Grant, Kenton, and Pendleton, and the Indiana counties of Dearborn, Franklin, and Ohio.

Economy

Procter & Gamble is one of many corporations based in Cincinnati. Scripps Center in downtown Cincinnati.

Cincinnati is home to many major and diverse corporations such as Procter & Gamble, The Kroger Company, Macy's, Inc. (owner of Macy's and Bloomingdale's), American Financial Group, Convergys, Chiquita Brands International, Great American Insurance Company, Fifth Third Bank, Western & Southern Financial Group, The E. W. Scripps Company, Scripps Networks Interactive (owner of HGTV, Food Network), Cincom Systems, Cincinnati Bell, and Kao Corporation's United States headquarters are based in Cincinnati.

The Cincinnati area is also home to Ashland Inc. (neighboring city of Covington), Omnicare (Covington), General Cable Corporation (suburb of Highland Heights), GE Aviation (suburb of Evendale), United States Playing Card Company (suburb of Erlanger), Cintas (suburb of Mason), AK Steel Holding (suburb of West Chester), Cincinnati Financial (suburb of Fairfield), Columbia Sussex (suburb of Crestview Hills) and Sunny Delight Beverages Co. (suburb of Blue Ash). Toyota also has many operations in the Cincinnati area with U.S. headquarters of Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America (suburb of Erlanger) and Toyota Boshoku America.

Altogether, nine Fortune 500 companies and fifteen Fortune 1000 companies are headquartered in the Cincinnati area. With nine Fortune 500 company headquarters in Cincinnati USA, the region ranks in the nation's Top 10 markets for number of Fortune 500 headquarters per million residents, higher than New York, Boston, Chicago, or Los Angeles.[39] In addition to Fortune 500 headquarters, more than 360 Fortune 500 companies maintain operations in Cincinnati.[40] Cincinnati has three Fortune Global 500 companies; three of the five Global 500 companies in the state of Ohio.[41]

The largest employer in Cincinnati is the University of Cincinnati, with 15,862 employees. Kroger is the second largest, with 15,600 employees.[42]

See also: List of companies in Greater Cincinnati

Education

University of Cincinnati's McMicken Hall Main article: Education in Cincinnati See also: List of high schools in Cincinnati

The Cincinnati Public School district includes 16 high schools, each accepting students on a city-wide basis. The district includes many public Montessori schools, one of which, Clark Montessori, was the first public Montessori high school established in the United States.[43] Cincinnati Public Schools (CPS) also boasts Walnut Hills High School, Newsweek's 36 best public school, which offers 28 Advanced Placement courses and top athletic teams. In recent years, Walnut's wind ensemble has performed in Carnegie Hall and the marching band has performed in the London New Year's Day Parade.

The city and region is also home to a variety of other schools, both public and private. In August 2007, Cincinnati Magazine published an article rating 36 private high schools in greater Cincinnati.[44] According to the 2000 census, the Cincinnati area has some of the highest private school attendance rates in the United States, with Hamilton County ranking second only to St. Louis County, Missouri among the country's 100 largest counties.[45]

The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cincinnati accounts for several high schools in metro Cincinnati; ten of which are single-sex: four all-male,[46] and six all-female.[47] Cincinnati is also home to the all-girl RITSS (Regional Institute for Torah and Secular Studies) high school, a small Orthodox Jewish institution and the Hebrew Union College- Jewish Institute of Religion (HUC-JIR) founded by Isaac Mayer Wise.[48]

Northern Kentucky University's Dorothy Westerman Hermann Natural Science Center and plaza [49]. Immediately at the building entrace, on the right, within its glass wall, visible from the outside, is housed a large spherical pendulum tracing a shifting line in the sand. It functions as an official stratum 1 Network Time Protocol reference clock. Tampering with it is illegal by state law, per posted sign.

Cincinnati is home to the University of Cincinnati and Xavier University, among other colleges and universities. The University of Cincinnati, often referred to informally as "UC," is one of the United States' major graduate research institutions (with prominence in engineering, music, architecture, and psychology). The University of Cincinnati Medical Center is very highly regarded, as well as the College Conservatory of Music, which has many notable alumni, including Kathleen Battle, Al Hirt and Faith Prince. Xavier, a Jesuit university, was at one time affiliated with The Athenaeum of Ohio, the seminary of the Cincinnati Archdiocese.

The extended Greater Cincinnati area has Miami University (one of the original "Public Ivies"), and the 17-thousand-student-strong Northern Kentucky University campus in Highland Heights, Kentucky, 8 miles SSE of downtown, among others. Specifically, NKU is connected with downtown Cincinnati directly via the radiating-spoke interstate system: Daniel Carter Beard Bridge and I-471 which puts this newest, eighth public university of Commonwealth of Kentucky within immediate reach of the Cincinnati city population, and makes travel to and from NKU to downtown and points beyond easier than across town. Among other schools, Cincinnati State is a vocational school which boasts the Midwest Culinary School, one of the best culinary institutes in the United States.

In 2009 Cincinnati was listed fourth on CNN's Top 10 cities for new grads.[50]

Culture

Main article: Culture in Cincinnati Approximately 500,000 attend Taste of Cincinnati annually, making Taste one of the nation's largest street festivals.[51]

Cincinnati's culture is influenced by its history of German immigration as well as the city's geographical position on the border of the Southern United States and Midwestern United States. The History of the Jews in Cincinnati was developed by immigrants from England and Germany who made the city a center of Reform Judaism. It is home to Isaac M. Wise's Plum Street Temple.

Festivals

Cincinnati is home to numerous festivals and events throughout the year, including:

The city plays host to numerous musical and theater operations, operates a park system currently ranked 4th in the country boasting that any city resident is within a mile of a park, and has a diverse dining culture. Cincinnati's Fountain Square serves as one of the cultural cornerstones of the region.

Findlay Market, Ohio's oldest still-functioning market

Cincinnati is identified with several unique foods. "Cincinnati chili" is commonly served by several independent chains, including Skyline Chili, Gold Star Chili, Price Hill Chili, Empress Chili, Camp Washington Chili, and Dixie Chili and Deli. Cincinnati has been called the "Chili Capital of America" and "the World" because it has more chili restaurants per capita than any other city in the nation or world.[54][55] Goetta is a meat product popular in Cincinnati consisting of sausage and pinhead oatmeal, usually fried and eaten as a breakfast food. Cincinnati also has many gourmet restaurants. Until 2005, when the restaurant closed, The Maisonette carried the distinction of being Mobil Travel Guide's longest running five-star restaurant in the country. Jean-Robert de Cavel has opened four new restaurants in the area since 2001, including Jean-Robert's at Pigall's which closed in March 2009. Cincinnati's German heritage is evidenced by the many restaurants that specialize in schnitzels and Bavarian cooking. Another element of German culture remains audible in the local vernacular; some residents use the word please when asking a speaker to repeat a statement. This usage is taken from the German word for please, bitte (a shortening of the very formal, "Wie bitte ist es?" or "How, please is that?" in the literal), which is used in this sense.[56]

Findlay Market is Ohio's oldest continuously-operated public market and one of Cincinnati's most famous institutions. The market is the last remaining market among the many that once served Cincinnati.

In August, 2008 Forbes magazine ranked Cincinnati as tenth in a list of "America's Hard-Drinking Cities".[57]

Media and music

Main article: Media in Cincinnati Cincinnati's Tall Stacks Festival

Cincinnati is served by The Cincinnati Enquirer, a daily newspaper. The city is home to several alternative, weekly, and monthly publications, as well as twelve television stations and many radio stations.

Soapbox Cincinnati was launched in February, 2008, as a free weekly online e-zine to "tell the new Cincinnati narrative" by focusing on the creative talent shaping the physical and economic transformation of the Cincinnati region. Free print magazine publications include CityBeat[58], Metromix, and DERF Magazine.com[59]. CityBeat is a weekly free magazine with an entertainment focus but also a prominent editorial slant. Metromix is a general interest weekly publication with a broad focus on light entertainment such as music, nightlife, dining, fashion, and art. DERF Magazine is monthly humor-based publication (similar in style to The Onion) featuring satirical and fake news in addition to local event listings and extensive nightlife photo galleries.

Movies that were filmed in part in Cincinnati include Fresh Horses, The Asphalt Jungle (open shot from the Public Landing, takes place in Cincinnati but only Boone County, KY is mentioned), Rain Man, Shawshank Redemption, Airborne, Grimm Reality, Little Man Tate, City of Hope (director: John Sayles),Eight Men Out (director: John Sayles), Milk Money, Batman Forever, Traffic, The Pride of Jesse Hallam, In Too Deep, Public Eye, The Last Late Night,[60] and The Mighty.[61] In addition, Wild Hogs is set, though not filmed, in Cincinnati.[62]

The Cincinnati skyline was prominently featured in the opening and closing sequences of the daytime drama The Edge of Night from its start in 1956 until 1980, when it was superseded by the Los Angeles skyline; the cityscape was the stand-in for the show's setting, Monticello. Procter & Gamble, the show's producer, is based in Cincinnati. The sitcom WKRP in Cincinnati, and its sequel/spin-off The New WKRP in Cincinnati featured the city's skyline and other exterior shots in its credits, as well as obviously being set, though not shot in, Cincinnati. The city's skyline has also appeared in an April Fool's episode of The Drew Carey Show, which was set in Carey's hometown of Cleveland.

Cincinnati gave rise to many popular bands and musicians, including Funk Legend Bootsy Collins, The Isley Brothers, Mood, Midnight Star, The Afghan Whigs, Over the Rhine (which is named after Cincinnati's Over-the-Rhine district), The Dopamines, Blessid Union of Souls, 98 Degrees, The Greenhornes, The Deele, Enduser, and Heartless Bastards. In addition, many other bands and musicians call the Greater Cincinnati region their home, including Adrian Belew, Peter Frampton and alternative Hip Hop producer Hi-Tek, Neo Soul singer/songwriter Ja'Meze, and Traxxstarr.

3 Doors Down's music video "It's Not My Time" was filmed in Cincinnati showing parts of the skyline as well as Fountain Square.

Cincinnati is the broadcasting home of WOXY, The Future of Rock & Roll (Historically 97.7 or 97X): woxy.com online and available on Cincinnati Public Radio Inc. HD Radio station 91.7-2.

WCET channel 48, now known as CET, is the nation's oldest licensed public television station (License #1, issued in 1951).[63]

The Cincinnati May Festival Chorus is a prestigious amateur choir that has been in existence since 1880. Music Director James Conlon and Chorus Director Robert Porco lead the Chorus through an extensive repertoire of classical music. The May Festival Chorus is the mainstay of the oldest continuous choral festival in the Western Hemisphere. Cincinnati's Music Hall was built specifically to house the May Festival.

Cincinnati is home to the Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra, Cincinnati Opera, Cincinnati Boychoir and Cincinnati Ballet. The Greater Cincinnati area is also home to several regional orchestras and youth orchestras, including the Starling Chamber Orchestra.

Sports

A Cincinnati Reds baseball game at Great American Ball Park. Main article: Sports in Cincinnati

Cincinnati has seven major sports venues, two major league teams, six minor league teams, and five college institutions with their own sports teams. It is home to baseball's Reds, who were named for America's first professional baseball team, the Cincinnati Red Stockings[64][65][66]; the Bengals of the National Football League; and the historic international men's and women's tennis tournament, The A.T.P. Masters Series Cincinnati Masters. It is also home to three professional soccer teams, two outdoor teams, the Cincinnati Kings (men's) and Cincinnati LadyHawks (women's), and one indoor team, the Cincinnati Excite (men's). On Opening Day, Cincinnati has the distinction of holding the "traditional opener" in baseball each year, due to its history.

Fans often refer to the city and its teams as "Cincy" for short. Even the Reds' official website uses that name frequently.[67]

Club Sport Founded League Venue
Cincinnati Reds Baseball 1882 MLB, National League Great American Ball Park
Cincinnati Bengals Football 1968 National Football League Paul Brown Stadium
Cincinnati Cyclones Ice hockey 1990 East Coast Hockey League U.S. Bank Arena
Cincinnati Kings Soccer 2005 USL Premier Development League Town and Country Sports Club
1790 Cincinnati Indoor Soccer 2008 Professional Arena Soccer League Game Time Training Center
Cincinnati Mighty Ducks Hockey 1997 American Hockey League Cincinnati Gardens
Cincinnati Stingers Hockey 1975 World Hockey Association Riverfront Coliseum

Transportation

The highways of Cincinnati. The purple portion is Cincinnati proper, the light green portion is Ohio, and the light yellow portion is Kentucky.

Cincinnati-Northern Kentucky International Airport (CVG) is the major airport serving the metropolitan area and is located across the river in Kentucky. The airport is the fifth largest hub for Delta and the largest for its subsidiary, Comair. The city has four other airports; Lunken Airport, a municipal airfield used for smaller business jets and private planes; the Butler County Regional Airport, located between Fairfield and Hamilton, which ranks just behind Lunken in business jets and has the largest private aircraft capacity of the Cincinnati area; Cincinnati West Airport, a smaller airport located in Harrison, Ohio; and the Blue Ash Airport, in Blue Ash.[68]

The Cincinnati-Northern Kentucky International Airport, along with the two other regional international airports [the Dayton International Airport (78 miles north) and the Port Columbus International Airport (128 miles northeast)], form an important regional transportation network. Combined, they anchor the corners of a triangular region that serves about 50% of the population of the State of Ohio and about 10% of the Commonwealth of Kentucky. The region encompasses over 6,000 square miles with about 50% available for development.

Government Square is Cincinnati's main Metro station. The Daniel Carter Beard Bridge is more commonly called the "Big Mac" bridge because of its resemblance to McDonald's iconic arches.

Cincinnati is served by the Metro city passenger bus system, operated by the Southwest Ohio Regional Transit Authority (SORTA). The Transit Authority of Northern Kentucky (TANK) serves Northern Kentucky and operates bus links in Cincinnati at Metro's main Government Square hub. There is also rail service by Amtrak with ticket offices and boarding stations at Cincinnati Union Terminal. Several freight railroads service Cincinnati, the largest being CSX Transportation which operates a railroad yard west of Interstate 75. Other railroads include Norfolk Southern, which operates a large intermodal yard in the west end neighborhood of Queensgate and the Indiana & Ohio Railroad which operates several small predecessor yards throughout the city. The city has a river ferry and many bridges. The Anderson Ferry has been in continuous operation since 1817.[69] Cincinnati’s major bridges include:

High rise condos overlooking the Ohio River

Cincinnati is served by three major interstate highways. Interstate 75 is a north-south route through the Mill Creek valley. Interstate 71 runs northeast towards Mount Adams and Walnut Hills. Interstate 74 begins at Interstate 75 west of downtown and connects to Indiana.

The city has an outer-belt, Interstate 275 (which is the longest circle highway in the country), and a spur to Kentucky, Interstate 471. It is also served by numerous U.S. highways: US 22, US 25, US 27, US 42, US 50, US 52, and US 127.

Cincinnati has an incomplete subway system. Construction stopped in 1924 when unexpected post-World War I inflation had doubled the cost of construction.[70] As a result, the funds that were originally set aside were not enough to complete the subway system. There have been several attempts by SORTA to utilize the subways for a modern light rail system within Hamilton County. All of these initiatives have thus far failed when placed on the ballot, with the most recent (a $2.7 billion plan) failing 2 to 1 in 2002.[71] Today the subway is used as a conduit for fiber optic and water lines.

There have been numerous attempts over the past decade[72] to build commuter rail from Milford (in nearby Clermont County) to the Downtown Transit Center in Cincinnati. The most recent of these began gaining support in early July 2007. The $411 million plan currently calls for using and upgrading existing rail lines and new diesel cars called DMUs (diesel multiple units).[73]

Cincinnati is also currently planning a streetcar line to connect Downtown, Over-the-Rhine and the area around the University of Cincinnati.[74] An initial study conducted by Omaha-based HDR Engineers was completed on May 31, 2007 and estimated the cost to be around $100 million. Additions made later, of a connection from Over-the-Rhine to Uptown and a loop through Uptown, have raised the overall estimated cost to $185 million. It is predicted that the system could generate more than $1.4 billion in new private investment over the next 15 years through property redevelopment and attracting new residents.[75] However, the plans have faced opposition from some groups arguing that there are more urgent needs on which to spend public funds.[76] Opening of the first streetcar line would not take place before 2011 or 2012.[75]

According to Forbes Magazine, Cincinnatians spend 20% of their income on transit, which makes the city the sixth most expensive city for commuting in the United States.[77] As of 2003[update], the port of Cincinnati is ranked 5th by trip ton-miles for an inland port.[78]

Sister cities

Cincinnati has seven sister cities:[79]

A sister city relationship with Harare (Zimbabwe) was suspended in protest of irregularities in the 2008 Zimbabwean presidential election.[80]

See also

Cincinnati portal
Ohio portal

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  75. ^ a b "Streetcar Q & A". Cincinnati Enquirer. April 24, 2008. http://news.cincinnati.com/article/20080424/NEWS01/804240320/-1/today. Retrieved 2009-03-27.
  76. ^ Prendergast, Jane (December 23, 2008). "NAACP: No Streetcars". Cincinnati Enquirer.
  77. ^ Forbes Magazine. America's Most Expensive Commutes: 6. Cincinnati, Ohio. Accessed on 4/12/2009.
  78. ^ "Top 20 Inland U.S. Ports for 2003" (PDF). Waterborne Commerce Statistics Center. The U.S. Army Engineer Institute for Water Resources. 2003. pp. 1. http://www.iwr.usace.army.mil/ndc/wcsc/pdf/inlandport03f.pdf. Retrieved 2008-11-21.
  79. ^ "OKI Sister City Coalition". http://www.cincinnatisistercity.org/.
  80. ^ Mallory cuts off Zimbabwe sister city | Cincinnati Enquirer | Cincinnati.Com

External links

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Municipalities and communities of Hamilton County, Ohio
County seat: Cincinnati
Cities

Blue Ash | Cheviot | Cincinnati | Deer Park | Fairfield‡ | Forest Park | Harrison | Indian Hill | Loveland‡ | Madeira | Milford‡ | Montgomery | Mount Healthy | North College Hill | Norwood | Reading | Sharonville‡ | Silverton | Springdale | St. Bernard | Wyoming
Villages

Addyston | Amberley | Arlington Heights | Cleves | Elmwood Place | Evendale | Fairfax | Glendale | Golf Manor | Greenhills | Lincoln Heights | Lockland | Mariemont | Newtown | North Bend | Terrace Park | Woodlawn
Townships

Anderson | Colerain | Columbia | Crosby | Delhi | Green | Harrison | Miami | Springfield | Sycamore | Symmes | Whitewater
CDPs

Bridgetown North | Cherry Grove | Covedale | Dent | Dillonvale | Dry Run | Finneytown | Forestville | Fruit Hill | Grandview | Groesbeck | Kenwood | Loveland Park‡ | Mack North | Mack South | Monfort Heights East | Monfort Heights South | Mount Healthy Heights | Northbrook | Northgate | Pleasant Run Farm | Pleasant Run | Sherwood | Turpin Hills | White Oak East | White Oak West | White Oak
Unincorporated communities

Camp Dennison | Hooven | Miamitown | Mount Saint Joseph
Footnotes

‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties
State of Ohio
Columbus (capital)
Topics

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Regions

Allegheny Plateau · Appalachian Ohio · Black Swamp · The Bluegrass · Extreme Northwest Ohio · Glacial till plains · Lake Erie · Lake Erie Islands · Miami Valley · Northwest Ohio · Western Reserve
Metro areas

Akron · Canton · Cincinnati · Cleveland · Columbus · Dayton · Findlay-Tiffin · Ironton · Lima · Mansfield · Steubenville · Toledo · Youngstown-Warren
Largest cities

Akron · Canton · Cincinnati · Cleveland · Columbus · Cuyahoga Falls · Dayton · Elyria · Hamilton · Kettering · Lakewood · Lorain · Mansfield · Mentor · Middletown · Parma · Springfield · Toledo · Youngstown
Counties

Adams · Allen · Ashland · Ashtabula · Athens · Auglaize · Belmont · Brown · Butler · Carroll · Champaign · Clark · Clermont · Clinton · Columbiana · Coshocton · Crawford · Cuyahoga · Darke · Defiance · Delaware · Erie · Fairfield · Fayette · Franklin · Fulton · Gallia · Geauga · Greene · Guernsey · Hamilton · Hancock · Hardin · Harrison · Henry · Highland · Hocking · Holmes · Huron · Jackson · Jefferson · Knox · Lake · Lawrence · Licking · Logan · Lorain · Lucas · Madison · Mahoning · Marion · Medina · Meigs · Mercer · Miami · Monroe · Montgomery · Morgan · Morrow · Muskingum · Noble · Ottawa · Paulding · Perry · Pickaway · Pike · Portage · Preble · Putnam · Richland · Ross · Sandusky · Scioto · Seneca · Shelby · Stark · Summit · Trumbull · Tuscarawas · Union · Van Wert · Vinton · Warren · Washington · Wayne · Williams · Wood · Wyandot
All-America City Award: Hall of Fame

Akron, Ohio • Anchorage, Alaska • Asheville, North Carolina • Baltimore, Maryland • Boston, Massachusetts • Cincinnati, Ohio • Cleveland, Ohio • Columbus, Ohio • Dayton, Ohio • Des Moines, Iowa • Edinburg, Texas • Fort Wayne, Indiana • Grand Island, Nebraska • Grand Rapids, Michigan • Hickory, North Carolina • Independence, Missouri • Kansas City, Missouri • Laurinburg, North Carolina • New Haven, Connecticut • Peoria, Illinois • Philadelphia, Pennsylvania • Phoenix, Arizona • Roanoke, Virginia • Rockville, Maryland • Saint Paul, Minnesota • San Antonio, Texas • Seward, Alaska • Shreveport, Louisiana • Tacoma, Washington • Toledo, Ohio • Tupelo, Mississippi • Wichita, Kansas • Worcester, Massachusetts
Mayors of cities with populations of 100,000 in Ohio
  1. Michael B. Coleman (Columbus)
  2. Frank G. Jackson (Cleveland)
  1. Mark L. Mallory (Cincinnati)
  2. Michael P. Bell (Toledo)
  1. Don Plusquellic (Akron)
  2. Gary Leitzell (Dayton)

Categories: Cincinnati, Ohio | Cities in Ohio | County seats in Ohio | Hamilton County, Ohio | Municipalities of Greater Cincinnati | Settlements established in 1788

 

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'Cincinnati, Ohio' News
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health law The Associated Press ... the consumer products giant based in Cincinnati , declined to comment on future plans, and Honda, which has four major auto factories in Ohio , ...
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'Cincinnati, Ohio' Answers
I live in cincinnati, ohio and my puppy needs his first shots and dewormed.. does anyone know of a cheap vet?
Q. I live in cincinnati, ohio and my puppy needs his first shots and dewormed.. does anyone know of a cheap vet? and how much this could cost?
Asked by LiVe Love LaUgh - Mon Jul 7 10:19:05 2008 - - 7 Answers - 0 Comments

A. First place I'd try is the local animal shelter ... for information if nothing else. I'm near Cleveland and one of the big animal shelters here sponsors a low-cost vaccination clinic twice a month. It's NOT total vet-care, though. You really DO need to have a regular vet look your pup over nose-to-tail. But for shots (especially after the puppy-vacs are finished, and you're on a routine yearly shot schedule), you could try the clinic.
Answered by *Sombra* - Mon Jul 7 10:29:28 2008

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