Waterproof or water-resistant describes objects relatively unaffected by water or resisting the ingress of water under specified conditions. Such items may be used in wet environments or under water to specified depths. Waterproofing describes making an object waterproof or water-resistant Waterproof or water-resistant describes objects relatively unaffected by water or resisting water passage, or which are covered with a material that resists or does not allow water passage. Such items may be used in wet environments or under water. Waterproofing describes making an object waterproof or water-resistant (such as a camera A camera is a device that records/stores images. These images may be still photographs or moving images such as videos or movies. The term camera comes from the camera obscura , an early mechanism for projecting images. The modern camera evolved from the camera obscura or ).
The hulls of boats and ships were once waterproofed by applying tar Tar is modified pitch produced primarily from the wood and roots of pine by destructive distillation under pyrolysis. Production and trade in tar was a major contributor in the economies of Northern Europe and Colonial America. Its main use was in preserving wooden vessels against rot. The largest user was the Royal Navy. Demand for tar declined or pitch Pitch is the name for any of a number of viscoelastic, solid polymers. Pitch can be made from petroleum products or plants. Petroleum-derived pitch is also called bitumen. Pitch produced from plants is also known as resin. Products made from plant resin are also known as rosin. Modern items may be waterproofed by applying water-repellent coatings or by sealing seams with gaskets A gasket is a mechanical seal that fills the space between two mating surfaces, generally to prevent leakage from or into the joined objects while under compression. Gaskets save money by allowing "less-than-perfect" mating surfaces on machine parts which can use a gasket to fill irregularities. Gaskets are commonly produced by cutting or O-rings An O-ring, also known as a packing, or a toric joint, is a mechanical gasket in the shape of a torus; it is a loop of elastomer with a disc-shaped cross-section, designed to be seated in a groove and compressed during assembly between two or more parts, creating a seal at the interface.
In construction, a building or structure is waterproofed with the use of membranes to protect contents underneath or within as well as protecting structural integrity. The waterproofing of the building envelope A building envelope is the separation between the interior and the exterior environments of a building. It serves as the outer shell to protect the indoor environment as well as to facilitate its climate control. Building envelope design is a specialized area of architectural and engineering practice that draws from all areas of building science in construction specifications is under '07 - Thermal and Moisture' protection and includes roofing material as well as waterproofing materials[citation needed].
Waterproofing is used in reference to building structures (basements, decks, flat roofs, wet areas, etc.), watercraft, canvas, clothing (raincoat A raincoat is a waterproof or water-resistant coat worn to protect the body from rain. The term rain jacket is sometimes used to refer to raincoats that are waist length. A rain jacket may be combined with a pair of rain pants to make a rain suit, waders Waders refers to a waterproof boot extending from the foot to the chest, traditionally made from vulcanised rubber, but available in more modern PVC, neoprene and Gore-Tex variants. Waders are generally distinguished from counterpart waterproof boots by shaft height; the hip boot extending to the thigh and the Wellington boot to the knee. They are) and paper (e.g., milk and juice cartons).
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Construction waterproofing
Main article: weatherization Weatherization or weatherproofing (British English) is the practice of protecting a building and its interior from the elements, particularly from sunlight, precipitation, and wind, and of modifying a building to reduce energy consumption and optimize energy efficiencyIn buidling construction In the fields of architecture and civil engineering, construction is a process that consists of the building or assembling of infrastructure. Far from being a single activity, large scale construction is a feat of multitasking. Normally the job is managed by the project manager and supervised by the construction manager, design engineer,, a structure needs waterproofing since concrete Concrete is a construction material composed of cement and other cementitious materials such as fly ash and slag cement, aggregate (generally a coarse aggregate made of gravels or crushed rocks such as limestone, or granite, plus a fine aggregate such as sand), water, and chemical admixtures itself will not be watertight on its own (but note concrete is easily waterproofed with additives). The conventional system of waterproofing involves 'membranes Artificial membrane also known as synthetic membrane is a synthetically created membrane which is usually intended for separation purposes in laboratory or in industry. Synthetic membranes have been successfully used for small and large-scale industrial processes since the middle of twentieth century. A wide variety of synthetic membranes is known'. This relies on the application of one or more layers of membrane (available in various materials: e.g., bitumen Bitumen is a mixture of organic liquids that are highly viscous, black, sticky, entirely soluble in carbon disulfide, and composed primarily of highly condensed polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, silicate A silicate is a compound containing a silicon bearing anion. The great majority of silicates are oxides, but hexafluorosilicate and other anions are also included. This article focuses mainly on the Si-O anions. Silicates comprise the majority of the earth's crust, as well as most planets and moons. Sand, Portland cement, and thousands of minerals, PVC Polyvinyl chloride, (IUPAC Poly) commonly abbreviated PVC, is a thermoplastic polymer. It is a vinyl polymer constructed of repeating vinyl groups (ethenyls) having one of their hydrogens replaced with a chloride group, EPDM EPDM rubber (ethylene propylene diene Monomer rubber), a type of synthetic rubber, is an elastomer which is characterized by wide range of applications.The E refers to Ethylene, P to Propylene, D to diene and M refers to its classification in ASTM standard D-1418. The “M” class includes rubbers having a saturated chain of the polymethylene etc.) that act as a barrier between the water and the building structure, preventing the passage of water. However, the membrane system relies on exacting application, presenting difficulties. Problems with application or adherence to the substrate can lead to leakage. In the UK these membranes are rarely allowed below ground below the water table.
Over the past two decades, the construction industry has had technological advances in waterproofing materials, including integral waterproofing systems as well as more advanced membrane materials.
Integral systems work within the matrix of a concrete structure, giving the concrete itself a waterproof quality. There are two main types of integral waterproofing systems: the hydrophilic and the hydrophobic systems. A hydrophilic system typically uses a crystallization technology that replaces the water in the concrete with insoluble crystals. Various brands available in the market claim similar properties, but not all can react with a wide range of cement hydration by-products, and thus require caution. Hydrophobic systems use fatty acids to block pores within the concrete, preventing water passage.
New membrane materials seek to overcome shortcomings in older methods like PVC and HDPE. Generally, new technology in waterproof membranes relies on polymer based materials that are extremely adhesive to create a seamless barrier around the outside of a structure.
Basement waterproofing
Basement waterproofing once completed becomes very difficult since the water pressure is from the negative side (from outside coming inside), the difficulty arises when no membrane can withstand any hydrostatic pressure from within the substrate hence they fail. In the UK, the Acceptability of Construction Types (figure 2A.4, "Approved Document - Basements For Dwellings") is quite clear: Tanked Protection / High Water Table "NOT RECOMMENDED".
The only proven method is by a process known as in-depth crystallization waterproofing system (INCAP®, Technokotes,Pune).
(This is a nonsense statement. There are several hydrophobic waterproofing additives available for concrete: Dosage varies widely, depending on the type and the required level of performance. "Two percent is common for the hydrophobic types, but may be 5% or more for the pore blockers" (Advanced Concrete Technology; Constituent Materials. Newman and Choo. p4.25). Additives slightly reduce the strength of concrete (ditto p4.26) so obviously a pore blocker at 5% reduces concrete strength more than a hydrophobic additive at 2%.
Here the active chemicals with water penetrate into the structure by reverse osmosis and produces a catalytic action where the by-products of the structure come together to form non-soluble crystals within the capillary pores of the structure and effective blocks water transmission. Crystallization Waterproofing.[1] Water may enter a basement through various means including through joints, walls, or floors. Various basement waterproofing systems address these problems. There are many systems available of varying cost, effectiveness, and installation invasiveness. Specially used membranes in this field are protection board sheets. Basement waterproofing may be done internally and externally. Because basement foundations can be brick, block, concrete, and even wood, it is important to pick the right waterproofing system for the right foundation. One effective way to waterproof cracks in poured concrete walls is by epoxy Epoxy or polyepoxide is a thermosetting polymer formed from reaction of an epoxide "resin" with polyamine "hardener". Epoxy has a wide range of applications, including fiber-reinforced plastic materials and general purpose adhesives injection An injection is an infusion method of putting fluid into the body, usually with a hollow needle and a syringe which is pierced through the skin to a sufficient depth for the material to be forced into the body. An injection follows a parenteral route of administration; that is, administered other than through the digestive tract.[2]
Standard
- IEC 60529:2001
- Degrees of protection provided by enclosures (IP Code)
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References
- ^ http://www.facebook.com/pages/TECHNOKOTES-Proactive-Protection/118479218175974?v=app_2347471856#!/notes/technokotes-proactive-protection/incapr-catalytic-in-depth-chloride-free-crystalline-concrete-protection-and-wate/122355617780675
- ^ http://www.epoxy.com/injection.aspx
See also
| Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Waterproofing |
- Bituminous waterproofing
- Durable Water Repellent (DWR) coatings
- IP Code
- Soundproofing Soundproofing is any means of reducing the sound pressure with respect to a specified sound source and receptor . There are several basic approaches to reducing sound: increasing the distance between source and receiver, using noise barriers to block or absorb the energy of the sound waves, using damping structures such as sound baffles, or using
- Waterproof fabric
- Waterproof paper
- Water vapor transmission rate
- Insulation
Categories: Water Categories: Amorphous liquids | Inorganic compounds | Natural resources | Health effectors | Transparent materials | Construction Categories: Architecture | Industries | Civil engineering | Real estate | Gardening aids
Sturgis Journal
A nice heavy parka and waterproof snowpants and boots will keep you warm and dry. They'll also provide some decent padding in the event of a spill. ...
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sell 110g waterproof color inkjet paper Sell sell 110g waterproof color inkjet paper sell 110g waterproof color inkjet paper Post Date Dec 17 2007 Expiry Date Jun 28 2008 Company InfoDate Joined 2006 Online Postings Products Country Territory China
UKFishingMan
hu, 24 Jun 2010 16:31:41 GM
222.00 TF Gear Primal AP . Waterproof. Thermal Clothing Set - xxl tf gear. TF Gear Primal AP . Waterproof. Thermal Clothing. Size: XXLarge Complete set.
Q. I would like to build a large, wooden indoor box turtle habitat, but I don't know how to keep soil and water from getting out. What is an easy and inexpensive way to waterproof my tank? I was thinking that I could line the inside with a plastic tarp or something. Would that work?
Asked by Dragoniana - Tue Apr 28 10:45:45 2009 - - 2 Answers - 0 Comments
A. Get White/Black silicon that's non-toxic, and use it where you need to keep water-proof. You can find silicon at Hardware store and Garden centres. Hope I've helped
Answered by Neil. - Tue Apr 28 11:13:41 2009
